注释（第9/12页）

4. Thus Edmund Wheatley, The Wheatley Diary. A Journal and Sketchbook from the Peninsular War and the Waterloo Campaign, edited with an introduction and notes by Christopher Hibbert (London, 1964), p. 67.

5. 奥普迪达的旅的伤亡率是英王德意志军团中最高的：Daniel S. Gray, ‘The services of the King’s German Legion in the army of the Duke of Wellington, 1809–1815’ (DPhil dissertation, Florida State University, 1970), p. 336.

6. See John Keegan, The Face of Battle (London and New York, 1976), pp. 164–8.

7. For casualties see Otto Puffahrt (ed.), In der Schlacht von Waterloo gefallene, verwunderte und vermisste Soldaten aus der Hannoverschen Armee (Lüneburg, 2004), pp. 70–77.

8. For a recent overview see Edward Madigan, ‘Courage and cowardice in wartime’, War in History, 20 (2013), 4–6.

9. For the original concept as applied to military sociology see Edward A. Shils and Morris Janowitz, ‘Cohesion and disintegration in the Wehrmacht in World War II’, Public Opinion Quarterly, Summer 1948, 280–315, especially 283–8. There is a recent discussion of this immense debate in Guy L. Siebold, ‘The essence of military group cohesion’, Armed Forces and Society, 33 (2007), 286–94.

10. For a vivid description of this phenomenon in the Second World War see Robert Sterling Rush, Hell in Huertgen Forest. The Ordeal and Triumph of an American Infantry Regiment (Lawrence, KS, 2001).

11. On the importance of ideological motivations see Omer Bartov, The Eastern Front, 1941–1945. German Troops and the Barbarisation of Warfare (2nd edn, New York, 2001).

12. See Kurt Ihlefeld (ed.), Preussischer Choral. Deutscher Soldatenglaube in drei Jahrhunderten (Berlin, 1935), pp. 81, 113 re Napoleonic Wars. There is nothing on the Hanoverians.

13. 我将这种洞察力归功于Ilya Berkovich. For some interesting reflections on ‘honour’ and the defence of La Haye Sainte see also Mastnak and Tänzer,’ Diese denckwürdige und mörderische Schlacht’, p. 52.

14. Michael Broers, ‘ “Civilized, rational behaviour”? The concept of surrender in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, 1792–1815’, in Hew Strachan and Holger Afflerbach (eds.), How Fighting Ends. A History of Surrender (Oxford, 2012), pp. 229–38 (especially p. 232).

第8章

1. See the printed General Orders of the Field Marshal Duke of Cambridge, Headquarters, Hanover, StAH, Hann38D, 237, fol. 111.

2. Manfred Bresemann, ‘The King’s German Legion 1803–1816 and the British Traditions Handed down by the Legion to the Royal Hanoverian Army up to 1866’ (typescript, NAM-355–453–3), p. 14.

3. Quoted in Bernhard Schwertfeger, Peninsula-Waterloo. Zum Gedächtnis der Königlich Deutschen Legion, printed version of lecture held in February 1914, p. 27.

4. I am heavily indebted here to Jasper Heinzen, ‘Transnational affinities and invented traditions: the Napoleonic wars in British and Hanoverian memory, 1815–1915’, English Historical Review, 97, 529 (2012), 1404–34.

5. Doctor Wilhelm Blumenhagen, Waterloo. Eine vaterländische Ode (Hanover, 1816).

6. Hannoversches Magazin, 19.4.1816. For the situation in Prussia see Christopher Clark, ‘The wars of liberation in Prussian memory: reflections on the memorialisation of war in early nineteenth-century Germany’, Journal of Modern History, 68 (1996), 550–76.

7. Hannoversches Magazin, 6.1.1830.

8. See Marianne Zehnpfennig, ‘Waterloomonument und Bauten am Waterlooplatz’, in Harold Hammer-Schenk and Günther Kokkelink (eds.), Laves und Hannover. Niedersächsische Architektur im neunzehnten Jahrhundert (Hanover, 1989), pp. 295–302, and more generally, Gerhard Schneider, ‘Nicht umsonst gefallen?’: Kriegerdenkmäler und Kriegstotenkult in Hannover (Hannoversche Geschichtsblätter, Sonderband, Hanover, 1991), pp. 31–47.

9. Following the description by Stella Child in Bexhill Hanoverian Study Group, Newsletter 43 (April 2005), p. 1.

10. See ‘Berechnung über Einnahme und Ausgabe des King’s German Legion Unterstützungsfonds, I Januar bis 31 Dezember 1863’, printed Hanover 5.2.1864, in HStAH, Hann91, Cordemann, fols. 211–14.