第十章 变革中的疆域原子能时代的美国（第17/18页）

图62 《华盛顿民权游行》（沃伦·莱弗勒，1963年8月28日）。由美国国会图书馆印刷品与照片部友情提供（LC-DIG-ppmsca-03128）。

肯尼迪付出了多少努力来实现马丁·路德·金的梦想，我们永远也无法得到答案。一直以来，美国人过分关注冷战，过分担忧“勇往直前”的共产主义者，而没有闲暇去对付本国那些全心全意捍卫种族隔离的人。但可以肯定的是，亚拉巴马的暴力事件和华盛顿的游行已经开始冲击美国人的良知。在遏制共产主义方面，肯尼迪所付出的努力鲜有成效，在1961年的“猪湾事件”中，美国试图入侵古巴，推翻菲德尔·卡斯特罗政权，但却遭遇失败。更让全世界担忧的是，这次事件最终导致了1962年10月的古巴导弹危机，美苏关系因此陷入死局，随时可能引爆核战争。直到1963年的夏天，肯尼迪才开始为冷战降温，将注意力转移到民权问题之上。同年6月，他公开承诺将推动联邦政府执行废除种族隔离的法案。然而，他没能亲眼见证1964年民权法案的通过，就在1963年11月22日遇刺身亡。在整个总统生涯中，他为一代美国人展现了希望，弱化了恐惧，然而这一代人目前所面临的边疆，远非尼克松口中的新边疆，而是如同美国历史上任何一个时期那样，充满暴力和未知。

注释：

[1]Anonymous (300 soldiers) to the Editor, Baltimore Afro-American, November 23, 1942; Pvt. Norman Brittingham to Truman K. Gibson, Jr., July 17, 1943, both in Phillip McGuire (ed), Taps for a Jim Crow Army: Letters from Black Soldiers in World War II (1983. Reprint. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 1993) 11, 18; Anonymous Maryland Black Soldier to the Secretary of War, October 2, 1865, in Ira Berlin et al. (eds.), Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation, 1861-1867, Series II, The Black Military Experience (New York and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982) 654; James Henry Gooding to Abraham Lincoln, September 28, 1863, in Corporal James Henry Gooding, On the Altar of Freedom: A Black Civil War Soldier's Letters from the Front, ed.Virginia M. Adams (Amherst: The University of Massachusetts Press, 1991) 120.

[2]Anonymous, to Mr Carl Murphy, June 26, 1943, in McGuire, Taps for a Jim Crow Army, 42-44.

[3]Franklin D. Roosevelt, State of the Union Address, January 6, 1942, available at:http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=16253 (August 1, 2010).

[4]Roosevelt, Annual Address on the State of the Union, January 6, 1941; and Inaugural Address, January 20, 1941.

[5]Philip Van Doren Stern (ed.), The Pocket Book of America (New York: Pocket Books, 1942), Introduction by Dorothy Thompson, v, vii.

[6]Edward Everett Hale, “The Man Without a Country, ”in The Man Without a Country and Other Stories (Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions, 1995) 7-8.

[7]Langston Hughes, “My America, ”Journal of Educational Sociology, 16:6(February, 1943) 334-336, quotations 336.

[8]General George C.Marshall, “Speech to the Graduating Class, United States Military Academy, May 29, 1942, ”available at: http://www.marshallfoundation.org/Database.htm (August 10, 2010).

[9]GI quoted in Paul Fussell, The Boys' Crusade, American G.I.s in Europe: Chaos and Fear in World War Two (London: Weidenfeld＆Nicolson, 2004) 41.

[10]New York Times, August 8, 1943.

[11]“Defeat at Detroit, ”The Nation, July 3, 1943: 4.

[12]Henry R. Luce, “The American Century, ”Life, February 17, 1941, reprinted in Michael J. Hogan (ed.), The Ambiguous Legacy: U.S. Foreign Relations in the‘American Century, ' (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999) 12, 20, 26.

[13]Henry A. Wallace, “The Price of Free World Victory, ”in Russell Lord (ed.), Democracy Reborn (New York: Reynal and Hitchcock, 1944) 190.

[14]Franklin D. Roosevelt, “Fireside Chat 36, ”June 5, 1944, available at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=16514 (August 20, 2010).