第一章 新发现的土地想象美洲（第14/15页）

史密斯并不相信当地人会和外来者轻易融合成为一个多种族的美丽新社会。那些继任的詹姆斯敦殖民地管理者也不像史密斯那样着迷于各种美洲土著文化，他们不但不欣赏这些当地文化，反而愈发认为这些文化很可疑。弗吉尼亚殖民地建立之后，开始试图兑现雷利、哈克卢特、哈里奥特和约翰逊提出的承诺——在新世界创造一个新英国，让这片土地英国化，让当地人民遵守英国的社会、政治和宗教体制。这并不是弗吉尼亚公司创办人最初的打算，但殖民的现实情况与想象中大相径庭，造成了许多改变。如何确保詹姆斯敦殖民地继续生存发展已在很大程度上超出弗吉尼亚公司的掌控，也与转移英国贫困人口毫无干系。

归根结底，最后让詹姆斯敦得以生存的是17世纪的两种贵重商品：烟草和奴隶。这两样商品都不在弗吉尼亚公司最初的计划里。在许多年里，烟草的种植也一直遭到管制，并没有其他作物种得多。但这场与“罪恶之种”的早期斗争注定失败，因为烟草能卖的价格实在太高，完全可以满足殖民地的经济增长和社会发展需求。1619年，弗吉尼亚公司首次运送了约90名“年轻、漂亮、接受过公正教育的年轻姑娘”到弗吉尼亚给殖民者做妻子。他们希望“妻子、孩子和家庭”也许会让弗吉尼亚的男人们“更加安定，减少流动”。弗吉尼亚公司担心，家庭纽带的缺失不仅会使殖民地必须靠源源不断的新来者帮忙维持种植园，还会让不少人仅仅到那里“赚到一笔就返回英国”[14]。这次速配行动的受益者以烟草支付了他们妻子的船费。但烟草的种植需要土地，也需要劳动力，而殖民地还无法提供足够的劳动力。不过，当年他们很快就找到了解决这个困境的长期对策：1619年，一位荷兰商人将第一批非洲黑奴带到切萨皮克，从此，为美洲最初的移民，也为他们满怀野心来到的这片土地打开了一个全新的想象世界。

注释：

[1]Thomas Churchyard, A Generall rehearsal of warres andjoined to the same some tragedies and epitaphs (London, 1597), quoted in Canny, “Ideology of English Colonization, ”582 (see Further Reading).

[2]The patent granted to Ralegh in 1584 is included in Arthur Barlow, The First Voyage to Roanoke, 1584: The First Voyage Made to the Coasts of America, with Two Barks, wherein Were Captains M. Philip Amadas and M. Arthur Barlowe, Who Discovered Part of the Countrey Now Called Virginia, anno 1584. Written by One of the Said Captaines, and Sent to Sir Walter Ralegh, Knight, at Whose Charge and Direction, the Said Voyage Was Set Forth (Boston, 1898) 12-17.

[3]Barlow, First Voyage to Roanoke, 1584, 3, 7, 5.

[4]Hakluyt's Discourse can be read in full in Richard Hakluyt, The Voyages of the English Nation to America (Edinburgh, 1889) Vol. II, 175-276.

[5]Thomas Hariot, A Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia:of the Commodities and of the Nature and Manners of the Naturall Inhabitants:Discouered by the English Colony There Seated by Sir Richard Greinuile Knight In the yeere 1585 . . . Illustrations by John White. Translated out of Latin into English by Richard Hackluyt (New York: J. Sabin ＆ Sons, 1871) 6-7, 25.

[6]The Records of the Virginia Company, Vol. II, The Court Book (Washington, DC:Government Printing Office, 1906) 527

[7]Robert Johnson's Nova Britannia: Offering most excellent fruites by Planting in Virginia (1609), American Colonial Tracts Monthly, No. 6 (Rochester, NY:George P. Humphrey, 1897) 6, 10.

[8]Smith, Generall Historie of Virginia . . . in Travel and Works of Captain John Smith (Edinburgh: John Grant, 1910) Part I, 378, 360; descriptions of Virginia after Smith left in The Life and Adventures of Captain John Smith (New York; H.Dayton, 1859) 185-187.

[9]Thomas More, Utopia (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin, 1986) 79-80.