第九章 陆上孤岛(第9/9页)
“如果你发现一个事物依赖于另一个事物,而后者又依赖于其他事物,那么这一连串相互作用就将依赖于恒定不变性。”科恩-哈夫特如是说道。在我们跋踄回营的路上,我脑子里一直在想这件事情。如果科恩-哈夫特是正确的,那么这个疯狂的像马戏团一样复杂的蚂蚁-鸟-蝴蝶游行队伍实际上勾勒出了亚马孙雨林稳定性的轮廓。只有在一个游戏规则保持不变的地方,才能有足够的时间让蝴蝶演化成以鸟类的粪便为食,让鸟类演化成跟随蚂蚁。是的,我很失望没有能再次看到行军蚁,但是对于蚁鸟实在没什么可责怪的。
[1] Jeff Tollefson,“Splinters of the Amazon,”Nature 496(2013):286.
[2] Ibid.
[3] Roger Le B.Hooke,José F.Martín-Duque,and JavierPedraza,“Land Transformation by Humans:A Review,”GSA Today 22(2012):4-10.
[4] Erle C.Ellis and Navin Ramankutty,“Putting People in the Map:Anthropogenic Biomes of the World,”Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 6(2008):439-447.
[5] 此处并非一般意义上的戈壁滩,而是特指从中国西北部直至蒙古国南部的大片荒漠地区。中文戈壁一词即是从蒙古语对这一地区的称谓音译而来。——译者
[6] 位于澳大利亚西南部内陆地区的沙漠。——译者
[7] Richard O.Bierregard et al.,Lessons from Amazonia:The Ecology and Conservation of a Fragmented Forest(New Haven,Conn.:Yale University Press,2001),41.
[8] 主要用于物理学的科学名词,指一个系统受到扰乱之后重新恢复平衡的过程。其英文单词“relaxation”是“放松、松弛”(relax)的名词形式,所以作者说这是一个“明朗”的名称。——译者
[9] Jared Diamond,“The Island Dilemma:Lessons of Modern Biogeographic Studies for the Design of Natural Reserves,”Biological Conservation 7(1975):129-146.
[10] Jared Diamond,“‘Normal’ Extinctions ofIsolated Populations,”in Extinctions,edited by Matthew H.Nitecki(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1984),200.
[11] Susan G.W.Laurance et al.,“Effects of Road Clearings on Movement Patterns of Understory Rainforest Birds in Central Amazonia,”Conservation Biology 18(2004)1099-1109.
[12] E.O.Wilson,The Diversity of Life(1992;reprint,New York:Norton,1993),3-4.
[13] 指美国东岸偏北的地区,包括这里说的马萨诸塞州、作者所在的纽约州以及前文提到的新泽西州等。——译者
[14] Carl W.Rettenmeyer et al.,“The Largest Animal Association Centered on One Species:The Army Ant Eciton burchellii and Its More Than 300 Associates,”Insectes Sociaux 58(2011):281-292.
[15] Carl W.Rettenmeyer et al.,“The Largest Animal Association Centered on One Species:The Army Ant Eciton burchellii and Its More Than 300 Associates,”Insectes Sociaux 58(2011):281-292.
[16] Terry L.Erwin,“Tropical Forests:Their Richness in Coleoptera and Other Arthropod Species,”Coleopterists Bulletin 36(1982):74-75.
[17] Andrew J.Hamilton et al.,“Quantifying Uncertainty in Estimation of Tropical Arthropod Species Richness,”American Naturalist 176(2010):90-95.
[18] E.O.Wilson,“Threats to Biodiversity,”Scientific American,September 1989,108-116.
[19] John H.Lawton and Robert M.May,Extinction Rates(Oxford:Oxford University Press,1995),v.
[20] “Spineless:Status and Trends of the World’s Invertebrates,”published online July 31,2012,17.
[21] 指免除发展中国家的一部分外债,换取该国在自然环境保护上加大投入。——译者
[22] 美国当代著名男影星,代表作有《夜访吸血鬼》《碟中谍》系列等电影。——译者
[23] Thomas E.Lovejoy,“Biodiversity:What Is It?”in Biodiversity II:Understanding and Protecting Our Biological Resources,edited by Marjorie L.Kudla,Don E.Wilson,and E.O.Wilson(Washington,D.C.:Joseph Henry Press,1997),12.